A sourced record of football ownership, investment, recapitalisation and control events, designed for comparison without pretending that every disclosed price is economically equivalent.
352ownership events tracked
2002records begin
25countries represented
13 September 2026last updated
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What investors actually paid.
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Pre-emption exercised; agreement announced, completion and filings pending
Reported economics
A Staveley-led consortium reportedly agreed £150m for the Gold family’s 25.1% block. Existing shareholders exercised pre-emption rights, implying about £598m equity value. The benchmark is not confirmed consideration paid by Křetínský personally or new capital into West Ham.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
PIF and KHC announced a binding share sale and purchase agreement on 16 April 2026 for KHC to acquire 70% of Al-Hilal Club Company, based on a SAR1.4bn enterprise value for the total share capital. MEED reported completion on 1 September 2026, with PIF retaining 30%. The 70% cash consideration was not separately published. A simple 70% pro-rata calculation would be SAR980m, but that is not a defensible reported price without the share-purchase agreement's debt and cash adjustments.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Saudi Arabia
Kingdom Holding Company (KHC)
Majority acquisition
70%
N/P; official materials publish a SAR1.4bn ($373m) enterprise value for 100% of Al-Hilal, not a separate 70% purchase price
Majority stake agreed 17 July 2026; completion subject to regulatory approvals and customary closing conditions
Reported economics
Krause Group announced a strategic acquisition of a majority stake in Casa Pia on 17 July 2026. The release confirms the agreement but says transaction details will follow completion of regulatory approvals and other closing conditions. No price or percentage is published.
86.63% control, completed; City retains Series A share
Reported economics
PLN 3,904,733.81 for the City of Zabrze’s 86.63% block, plus LP Holding’s commitment to invest at least PLN 12.6m over three years. The share price is not a simple valuation of Górnik.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Poland
Lukas Podolski / LP Holding
Majority acquisition
86.63%
PLN 3.90m sale price plus PLN 12.6m funding commitment
Core Sports Capital returned its 25% participation to the club; completion announced May 2026
Reported economics
Austria Lustenau announced that Core Sports Capital returned its 25% stake after more than four years. The club and ORF reports did not publish a repurchase price or other consideration.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Austria
SC Austria Lustenau / return from Core Sports Capital
Majority stake completed in November 2025 after September agreement and competition-authority approval; Adolf Šádek and Martin Dellenbach retained minority shares
Reported economics
The club's 26 September release confirms Palatua, wholly owned by Michal Strnad, signed to acquire a majority stake, subject to ÚOHS approval. iROZHLAS reported completion in November 2025. No price or exact percentage was published; CSG is not the buyer and should not be listed as the club owner.
Completed. Carolina Holguín is recorded as sole shareholder; contemporary reporting described the buyer as an international investor group associated with Grupo TH.
Reported economics
Approximately €2.5m was reported by contemporary local media, not disclosed in transaction documents. The club's €6.294m nominal share capital is not a purchase price or valuation.
Evidence
Credible reporting with incomplete or partly uncorroborated economics
100%, completed effective 31 October 2025 after KNVB approval; acquisition announced 18 November
Reported economics
Yanmar's 18 November 2025 release says KNVB approval completed the takeover first announced on 7 July, with Yanmar officially owning 100% effective 31 October 2025. The deal included the club and stadium, but no price was published. Kroonenberg Groep was the former owner and remained a sponsor.
Majority stake completed 14 August 2025; Elżbieta Filipiak retained a minority position
Reported economics
Business Insider Polska reported the completed majority takeover by Robert Platek on 14 August 2025. Elżbieta Filipiak retained a minority interest and Comarch became a strategic sponsor. No price or exact percentage was published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Majority stake completed August 2025; OneCap retained 20%
Reported economics
Euro.cz reported that Vojtěch Kačena became the new majority owner in August 2025, while OneCap remained a 20% minority shareholder. The amount paid was not published; the article separately describes OneCap's nearly CZK80m investment during its ownership.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
AS reported that Escotet acquired 90% through Iberian Football Venture for €12m, after the club confirmed the transfer from Gradual Score. The exact price is not disclosed in a public club filing, so the amount and pro-rata valuation are reported, not confirmed.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Portugal
Iberian Football Venture SGPS, S.A. / Juan Carlos Escotet family
Majority acquisition
90%
€12m reported
Approximately €13.3m for 100%, based on the reported €12m / 90% consideration
40%, member-approved 18 July 2025; effectiveness subject to audit and other conditions precedent
Reported economics
REVEE's Brazilian public-company filing states that its subsidiary MCO offered €15m for 40% of Marítimo da Madeira Futebol SAD, with the offer approved by the Marítimo general meeting on 18 July 2025. It also disclosed call options for up to another 20% for up to €7.5m. Effectiveness remained subject to confirmatory audit and other conditions precedent.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Portugal
REVEE MCO S.A. / REVEE S.A.
Minority acquisition / agreed investment
40%
€15m contractual consideration; separate call options for up to 20% for up to €7.5m
Approximately €37.5m for 100% on the 40% headline price, subject to transaction conditions
Principle of agreement announced 4 July 2025; majority transfer not yet evidenced as completed
Reported economics
Lusa/RTP reports that Leixões announced a principle of agreement on 4 July 2025 for Aliya Capital Partners to become the majority investor. No percentage, price or closing evidence is published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
99%, acquired from SK Sigma Olomouc MŽ; city retained 1% pending transfer
Reported economics
The reviewed report says Sigma Sport bought 2,734 shares representing 99% from SK Sigma Olomouc MŽ, with the city holding 1%. The association's chairman described the total transaction package, including the purchase price, partner commitments and youth-centre construction, as being in the order of hundreds of millions of koruna, but gave no allocation or exact amount.
Evidence
Useful local or industry reporting that is incomplete or uncorroborated
Czech Republic
Sigma Sport / Milan Šimonovský
Full acquisition
99%
Hundreds of millions of Czech koruna reported for the transaction package; exact price confidential
Existing shareholder funding; resulting percentages not published
Reported economics
The July 2025 report said Zulte Waregem received €7m of fresh capital, with approximately €6m from Beeuwsaert. It described club resources rising from about €29m to €36m, but did not disclose a share price or percentage.
Evidence
Useful local or industry reporting that is incomplete or uncorroborated
Belgium
Tony Beeuwsaert-led shareholder group
Capital increase
N/P
€7m fresh capital, of which approximately €6m was reportedly provided by Tony Beeuwsaert
Full acquisition completed in July 2025; reported as the first foreign-owned Saudi Pro League club
Reported economics
Insider Sport reported in July 2025 that Harburg Group completed the full acquisition of Al-Kholood and that terms were not disclosed. Saudi Gazette likewise reported 100% foreign ownership, cited a Transfermarkt market-value estimate of €9.2m and identified the last published club revenue as SAR13.2m in August 2022. Neither figure is a disclosed transaction price, so the consideration remains N/P but the available benchmarks are shown.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Saudi Arabia
Harburg Group
Full acquisition / privatisation
100%
N/P; Saudi Gazette cited a €9.2m Transfermarkt market-value estimate, which is not the transaction price
N/P
SAR13.2m last reported revenue (August 2022; not transaction-year)
Ownership transferred to the private company in July 2025; evaluation and approvals reported as part of the process
Reported economics
Saudi Standard reported on 24 July 2025 that Al-Ansar was transferred to Odeh Al-Baladi and Sons Company as part of the private-ownership phase. No consideration was published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Ownership transferred to Najm Al-Salam Company in July 2025; evaluation and approvals reported as part of the process
Reported economics
Saudi Standard reported on 24 July 2025 that Al-Zulfi was acquired by Najm Al-Salam Company in the private-ownership phase. No price or valuation was published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
On 26 May 2025, Standard completed a €28.7m capital increase as the shares in the club and property company transferred to Giacomo Angelini's holding company. The club said the capital increase cleared debt owed to the former shareholder.
HSV confirmed that Sparda-Bank Hamburg acquired approximately 7.5% of HSV Fußball AG & Co. KGaA from Kühne Holding AG. The club published no consideration. Kühne remained a major shareholder and separately reacquired stadium naming rights.
62.5%, completed 18 June 2025; plan to increase to 70%
Reported economics
Moreirense completed the transfer of its majority SAD holding to BKFC on 18 June 2025. The club reports BKFC at 62.5%, with an option or plan to reach 70%. Vítor Magalhães said €15.8m had been contracted for the academy and first team. That figure is a funding commitment rather than a separately published seller consideration.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Portugal
Black Knight Football Club (BKFC), led by Bill Foley
Majority acquisition / investment
62.5%
€15.8m committed investment, not stated as the share purchase price
UD Almería confirmed the sale to SMC Group. EFE reported that various sources put the transaction at around €100m; the club did not disclose price or transaction structure.
At the 31 March 2025 announcement, ČTK reported Turek at 83% after buying the majority block from Paukner. Paukner retained 2.5% and said his total spending since 2013 was roughly CZK500m; that historical funding is not consideration paid by Turek.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Czech Republic
Matěj Turek
Majority acquisition
83%
N/P; Paukner said his cumulative spending since 2013 was about CZK500m, not a sale price
La Nazione reported that FC32 took on or relieved about €16m of near-term obligations. A lower-quality report separately described a €1 nominal seller price. Neither amount is an official disclosed equity price.
Evidence
Useful local or industry reporting that is incomplete or uncorroborated
Italy
FC32
Majority acquisition
N/P
Reported €1 nominal seller price; new owner took on or relieved about €16m near-term obligations
La Voz reported that Grupo Élite became the majority shareholder of Tondela and put the transaction at about €8m. The precise share-purchase agreement and debt treatment are not published; the €10m pro-rata figure is an analytical calculation only.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Portugal
Grupo Élite Gestión y Administración / Ignacio Rivera and Tino Fernández
Majority acquisition
80%
Around €8m reported
Approximately €10m for 100%, based on reported €8m / 80% consideration
O Mirante reported that a group linked to Vinícius Júnior bought 80% for around €8m, rising to as much as €10m if promotion conditions are met. FC Alverca confirmed a qualified stake sale but did not publish the investor split or a complete price schedule.
Evidence
Credible reporting with incomplete or partly uncorroborated economics
Portugal
Brazilian/Spanish investor group including Vinícius Júnior
Majority acquisition
80%
Around €8m reported, potentially up to €10m with promotion condition
Majority stake acquired through a newly issued share block; completed in February 2025
Reported economics
Haditaghi's March 2025 interview said he bought a newly issued majority share block and injected PLN10m, which was used to settle urgent player and supplier arrears. The injection is rescue capital, not a separately published purchase price for old shareholders.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Poland
Alex Haditaghi
Majority acquisition / rescue capital
N/P
PLN10m reported capital injection (approximately €2.3m at 2025 exchange rates), not a disclosed seller price
Prince Abdullah controls approximately 80%; Frank Vrancken diluted from 25% to approximately 19.6%
Reported economics
The January 2025 report says Prince Abdullah converted €4.5m of advances into share capital, increasing his control to approximately 80% and diluting Vrancken to approximately 19.6%.
Evidence
Credible reporting with incomplete or partly uncorroborated economics
Belgium
Prince Abdullah bin Mosaad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Capital increase / control consolidation
80%
€4.5m of shareholder advances converted into capital
The club did not disclose terms. Associated Press reported that the BBC and other British media valued the completed 98.8% transaction in excess of £400m (about $500m). Debt was converted, repaid or refinanced separately and exact terms were not disclosed.
Agache 52%, Red Bull approximately 11%, Alter Paris 30%, BRI Sports 7%; Agache has agreed a route to 80% from 2027
Reported economics
Le Monde reported that the staged Arnault family and Red Bull transaction valued Paris FC at about €100m. The parties confirmed the ownership plan but did not publish consideration at closing.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
France
Agache / Arnault family (52%) and Red Bull GmbH (approximately 11%)
Majority acquisition
63%
Reported approximately €100m transaction valuation
90%, completed 28 November 2024; RHKB retained 5% and other holders 5%
Reported economics
Zbrojovka's 28 November 2024 release says OneCap acquired 90% from RHKB after a period as general partner. The release expressly says the transfer price would not be published; RHKB returned to a 5% holding.
Sampdoria's official statement says Blucerchiati acquired 55,976,265 shares from Sport e Spettacolo Holding and held 99.98% of the share capital on 20 September 2024. No consideration was published.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Italy
Blucerchiati S.p.A. / Matteo Manfredi and Gestio Capital
Majority acquisition / control consolidation
99.98%
N/P; settlement terms with Sport e Spettacolo Holding not published
95%, acquired from Václav Bartoněk on 10 September 2024; minority shareholders retained 5%
Reported economics
ČTK reported that RHKB exercised its pre-emption right and acquired 95% of Zbrojovka Brno from long-time owner Václav Bartoněk on 10 September 2024, with 5% remaining in small shareholder hands. The price was not published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
AS Saint-Étienne confirmed the acquisition by Kilmer Sports Ventures. The price was not officially disclosed; French reporting placed it between €20m and €30m.
Evidence
Primary evidence with incomplete reported economics
10.4%, completed in two tranches: 5.49% in January 2024 and 5.20% in June 2024
Reported economics
VfB and Porsche confirm the two tranches and the final 10.4% holding, but neither publishes a price. BILD reported approximately €40m for the stake. The implied value above is therefore a transparent calculation from a reported, not confirmed, amount.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Germany
Porsche AG
Minority investment
10.4%
Reported €40m
Approximately €385m implied equity value based on the reported €40m; not an official valuation
80%, completed after SAD formation; Rio Ave club retained 20%
Reported economics
Rio Ave members approved conversion to a SAD and the transfer of 80% to Evangelos Marinakis for an initial €20.5m investment, injected in stages through June 2024. The reporting describes a capital and rescue commitment rather than a clean seller cash price; additional squad and infrastructure spending was also contemplated.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Portugal
Evangelos Marinakis
Majority acquisition / SAD formation
80%
€20.5m initial investment commitment, not a separately disclosed share price
Minority partner in V Sports; V Sports retained 100% ownership and full control of Aston Villa
Reported economics
Atairos confirmed completion of an agreement making it a minority partner in V Sports, the Sawiris/Edens vehicle. The statement does not publish a percentage or price and explicitly says V Sports continues to own 100% of Aston Villa and retains full control.
25% acquired; 27.7% voting power after the $200m primary subscription. A further $100m subscription was committed in the transaction documentation.
Reported economics
The closing filing records a 25% acquisition at $33 per share, a $200m primary subscription at closing and a further $100m subscription commitment. The $1.3bn and $5.2bn are SportsGlare calculations from the disclosed 25% / $33-per-share transaction; the $100m is a commitment, not shown in the cited filing as paid at closing.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
England
INEOS / Sir Jim Ratcliffe
Minority investment
25%
Approximately $1.3bn secondary acquisition at $33 per share, plus $200m primary subscription at closing and a further $100m committed subscription
Approximately $5.2bn implied equity value from the 25% secondary purchase
US investor group increased holding in La Dea H from 55% to 62%; Percassi family retained 38%. Arctos’s individual interest was not published.
Reported economics
Reporting says the recapitalisation totalled €72m, with €67m from the US group and €5m from the Percassi family. It does not disclose Arctos’s individual contribution or a contemporaneous equity valuation.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Italy
La Dea H US investor group, including Arctos Partners
Recapitalisation
62%
Reported €67m US-group contribution to €72m recapitalisation
TSG Hoffenheim 1899 e.V. regained voting majority; Hopp's economic capital position was not a published sale
Reported economics
TSG announced that, after the members approved the change and the relevant approvals were obtained, the club again operated under the ordinary 50+1 model from 29 November 2023. The event concerns voting rights and governance, not a disclosed sale of Hopp's capital interest.
New shares acquired 29 November 2023; resulting percentage not published in the reviewed source
Reported economics
Ruch announced that the City of Chorzów subscribed for a further PLN1.6m of shares on 29 November 2023, largely to offset stadium rental costs and an agreed promotion bonus. The issue price and resulting ownership percentage were not published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Fenway Sports Group confirmed Dynasty Equity's minority investment. Front Office Sports reported $100m to $200m of direct investment in Liverpool, rather than a disclosed price paid to existing shareholders.
The 2023 transaction transferred Matthew Benham's shares to Heartland. The purchase price was not published. Heartland's 2021 DKK125m capital increase for 25% is recorded separately.
Control conditional on DNCG approval; Nenking agreed cession of all shares
Reported economics
The official FCSM2028/Sociochaux announcement records the rescue structure and €400k supporter capital contribution. Nenking agreed to cede all shares subject to DNCG approval. The share price was not published.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
France
FCSM2028 / Jean-Claude Plessis, Pierre Wantiez, Romain Peugeot and local investors
Control acquisition / rescue
N/P
N/P; supporter fund of €400k and public/local support are funding, not published share price
95%, completed 18 August 2023; approximately 5% remained with individuals and supporters' association
Reported economics
The City of Gdańsk reported that Football Culture Poland, wholly owned by Mada Global, completed the purchase of 95% of Lechia on 18 August 2023. City reporting says media estimates put the price at €4.1m; Lechia did not confirm that amount.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Poland
Mada Global / Football Culture Poland sp. z o.o.
Majority acquisition
95%
€4.1m reported
Approximately €4.3m for 100%, based on reported €4.1m / 95% consideration
100%, completed; remaining share capital purchased on 25 September 2023
Reported economics
Leeds United confirmed that 49ers Enterprises assumed full ownership. SportsPro reported a £170m takeover valuation; the club did not publish the transaction terms.
45.64% of club and 100% of stadium; operational control
Reported economics
The HKEX circular reported by BirminghamLive put the full takeover cost at £22m. Knighthead initially acquired 45.64% of the club and 100% of the stadium while assuming operational control; £5.3m related to a 24% block.
Racing Strasbourg confirmed BlueCo's control transaction. Industry reporting placed consideration at €65m to €75m; neither party published the precise structure or price.
Evidence
Primary evidence with incomplete reported economics
Under the first phase of Saudi Arabia's Sports Clubs Investment and Privatisation Project, PIF received 75% of Al-Hilal and a non-profit foundation retained 25%. Official explanations say the value of the club was deposited into the investment fund, but no club-specific consideration was published. Front Office Sports cited an approximately $800m market value for the Saudi Pro League as a whole in 2023, but it cannot be allocated to Al-Hilal. A later Saudi Exchange filing disclosed Al-Hilal Club Company's revenue of SAR413m for the year ended 30 June 2023, which is included as a contemporaneous revenue denominator rather than a transaction value.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Saudi Arabia
Public Investment Fund (PIF)
Ownership transfer / strategic investment
75%
N/P for the club-specific transfer; Front Office Sports cited an approximately $800m market value for the Saudi Pro League in 2023, but that league-wide figure is not allocable to Al-Hilal
N/P; the approximately $800m league-wide benchmark is not a club valuation
SAR413m for the year ended 30 June 2023, disclosed later in the KHC issuer filing
The June 2023 privatisation project transferred 75% of Al-Nassr to PIF and 25% to a non-profit foundation. No club-specific cash consideration or valuation was disclosed. Front Office Sports cited an approximately $800m market value for the Saudi Pro League as a whole in 2023, but did not allocate it to Al-Nassr.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Saudi Arabia
Public Investment Fund (PIF)
Ownership transfer / strategic investment
75%
N/P for the club-specific transfer; Front Office Sports cited an approximately $800m market value for the Saudi Pro League in 2023, but that league-wide figure is not allocable to Al-Nassr
N/P; the approximately $800m league-wide benchmark is not a club valuation
The June 2023 project transferred 75% of Al-Ittihad to PIF and 25% to a non-profit foundation. The transfer mechanism did not publish a club-specific price or valuation. Front Office Sports cited an approximately $800m market value for the Saudi Pro League as a whole in 2023, but did not allocate it to Al-Ittihad.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Saudi Arabia
Public Investment Fund (PIF)
Ownership transfer / strategic investment
75%
N/P for the club-specific transfer; Front Office Sports cited an approximately $800m market value for the Saudi Pro League in 2023, but that league-wide figure is not allocable to Al-Ittihad
N/P; the approximately $800m league-wide benchmark is not a club valuation
The June 2023 project transferred 75% of Al-Ahli to PIF and 25% to a non-profit foundation. No club-specific cash consideration or valuation was published. Front Office Sports cited an approximately $800m market value for the Saudi Pro League as a whole in 2023, but did not allocate it to Al-Ahli.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Saudi Arabia
Public Investment Fund (PIF)
Ownership transfer / strategic investment
75%
N/P for the club-specific transfer; Front Office Sports cited an approximately $800m market value for the Saudi Pro League in 2023, but that league-wide figure is not allocable to Al-Ahli
N/P; the approximately $800m league-wide benchmark is not a club valuation
Transferred to Saudi Aramco in the first phase of the government privatisation project; exact corporate split not published
Reported economics
Saudipedia identifies Al-Qadsiah as transferred to Saudi Aramco in the first phase of the Sports Clubs Investment and Privatisation Project. Neither the transfer value nor a detailed share structure was published.
Transferred to the Diriyah Gate Development Authority under the first phase of the privatisation project
Reported economics
Government information identifies Al-Diriyah as transferred to the Diriyah Gate Development Authority. No price, valuation or separate club-company percentage was published.
Transferred to the Royal Commission for AlUla under the first phase of the privatisation project
Reported economics
Saudipedia lists Al-Ula among the clubs transferred to a government development entity, in this case the Royal Commission for AlUla. No consideration was published.
Transferred to NEOM Company under the first phase of the privatisation project; club later rebranded as NEOM SC
Reported economics
The first phase transferred Al-Suqoor to NEOM Company. The club later adopted the NEOM SC name, but no transfer value or standalone valuation was published.
Hertha confirmed a €100m primary investment. FINANCE reported FAZ's account of a further €100m linked to possible seller participation in a 777 business. No reliable source discloses a clean cash price paid to Lars Windhorst.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Germany
777 Partners
Majority acquisition
64.7%
€100m confirmed primary investment; further €100m reported linked consideration
Reported post-restructuring holdings: Van Esch 44% and Sluys 24%; Penninckx diluted or exited
Reported economics
The restructuring increased capital by approximately €6.6m–€6.7m. Reporting identifies Van Esch with 44% and Sluys with 24%; Sluys had previously lent money to the club and to Penninckx. The amount is a recapitalisation, not a seller price.
Evidence
Credible reporting with incomplete or partly uncorroborated economics
Existing shareholder funding; resulting percentages not published
Reported economics
A July 2025 retrospective report said Zulte Waregem had received a €16m capital injection approximately two years earlier. The source does not identify a share price, exact date or allocation among shareholders.
Evidence
Useful local or industry reporting that is incomplete or uncorroborated
A Cannae Holdings document states that Black Knight Football Club purchased 100% of AFC Bournemouth for £120m in December 2022. The club's completion announcement did not disclose consideration.
50.00000001%, completed on 4 January 2023 following the public offer
Reported economics
GFH's DKK0.55-per-share offer resulted in 50.00000001% ownership. Approximately DKK156.8m consideration and DKK313.7m implied equity value are SportsGlare calculations based on 285,166,367 shares at DKK0.55. Separate convertible financing of up to DKK223.179m (€30m), with DKK111.5895m initially paid, is club funding rather than secondary consideration.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Denmark
Global Football Holdings
Majority acquisition
50%
DKK0.55 per share, approximately DKK156.8m for 50.00000001%
52.5%, completed; seller Akihiro Kin later reported at 17.5%
Reported economics
Lusa/RTP reports that Japanese group Onodera Holdings acquired 52.5% of Oliveirense SAD from Akihiro Kin in November 2022. The amount was not published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
QSI confirmed the 21.67% purchase but did not publish a price. Inside World Football reported €19m, while Forbes Portugal published an indicative approximately €1.6m market-price calculation. The price basis remains unresolved.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Portugal
Qatar Sports Investments
Minority investment
21.67%
Reported €19m for 21.67%; official QSI disclosure did not publish price
55.8%, completed; shares acquired from Glen Lau and Ismail Uzun
Reported economics
Açoriano Oriental reported Vicintin's official confirmation of the acquisition of the majority of Santa Clara SAD, with Lusa/RTP later listing his holding at 55.8%. No consideration was published.
100% of the existing shares agreed in May 2022, subject to KNVB financial approval; shares were to be certified into an independent foundation
Reported economics
Omroep Brabant reported that NAC=Breda agreed to buy the entire existing share package for €7m and establish a separate investment fund of at least €5m. The investment fund is a post-transaction commitment and should not be added to the €7m share price.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Netherlands
NAC=Breda consortium of local entrepreneurs
Full acquisition
100%
€7m for the club plus a minimum €5m investment fund
Approximately €7m for 100% equity consideration; the separate €5m fund is not purchase price
25%, formalised in March 2022 after the July 2021 announcement
Reported economics
The July 2021 announcement reported €750,000 for 25%. Austria Lustenau formalised the 25% participation in March 2022 and described an annual package of players, management personnel, scouting and marketing support. The services component means the package is not necessarily a cash equity price.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Austria
Core Sports Capital / Ahmet Schäfer
Minority investment / strategic partnership
25%
€750,000 announced consideration, with the completed package also involving annual player, management, scouting and marketing services
Reporting said the new ownership invested €10m of capital and €1.2m of support after the staged 49% and 51% acquisition. The share purchase price was not disclosed.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Italy
Joe Tacopina
Full acquisition
100%
Reported €11.2m invested by new ownership; share purchase price not disclosed
Control completed; Arctos joined as a limited partner/minority investor. Precise interests were not published.
Reported economics
MLS confirmed the sale. Subsequent reporting placed the transaction at about $400m for Real Salt Lake and associated assets, rather than a clean price for club equity alone.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
United States
David Blitzer, Ryan Smith's Smith Entertainment Group and Arctos Sports Partners
56% plus one share of 1890s holdings; 1890s holdings owns approximately 99.9% of Sparta
Reported economics
Sparta's published structure says 1890s holdings owns approximately 99.9% of the club and that Křetínský and EPH managers hold 56% plus one share of 1890s through EP Sport Holdings. Seznam reported a CZK500m capital increase settled by set-off of shareholder loans. The restructuring is not a simple purchase price.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Czech Republic
Daniel Křetínský and EPH managers via EP Sport Holdings
Ownership restructuring / capital increase
56%
CZK500m capital increase settled by set-off of shareholder loans; not a clean share-purchase price
40% sold, with an option for a further 10.1%; later reports describe investors at 49.9% combined while Austria retained 50.1%
Reported economics
Austria's official announcement said members approved the sale of 40% of FK Austria Wien AG and an option for a further 10.1% to Viola Investment and the investor group. 90minuten later reported a €12.5m value for the shares and a 50.1% club / 49.9% investor structure. The option and later percentages should not be conflated with the initial 40% sale.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Austria
Viola Investment GmbH and WTF investor group / Freunde der Austria
11.25% newly issued shares, completed; 3.75% each for the three named investors
Reported economics
The club statement says the new shares represented 11.25% of share capital and raised PLN4,875,000. Each of Nowak, Adamczyk and Łanoszka was listed at 3.75%. This is primary capital raised by the company, not a seller-side purchase price.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
EXOR subscribed its 63.8% pro-rata portion; rights offering completed
Reported economics
Juventus' 16 December 2021 release reports that 91.75% of the shares offered were subscribed for €366.9m. EXOR subscribed pro-rata to its 63.8% holding for approximately €255m, including the €75m advance paid on 27 August 2021. The approved capital increase was €400m; this is recapitalisation, not a club sale.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Italy
EXOR N.V. / existing shareholders
Strategic capital investment / recapitalisation
63.8%
€400m total approved; €366.9m subscribed in the initial offering; EXOR subscribed approximately €255m including a €75m advance
27%, completed through share purchase, option and new-share subscription
Reported economics
The 2021 structured transaction comprised about £25.8m for existing shares, a £18m call-option premium and a £125m subscription for newly issued shares. The option was not exercised but the premium was retained.
Front Office Sports reported that 777 Partners' full acquisition of Genoa was valued at $175m and that fresh capital would also be injected. The published amount may include liabilities or funding components.
100%, completed subject to Swiss Football League approval
Reported economics
No purchase price was published. A separately reported CHF16m stadium project is infrastructure investment, not consideration for the club acquisition.
Collectively acquired 51.96% of FC Basel Holding AG from David Degen; Degen retained 40.0%
Reported economics
The buyers reportedly paid the same per-share price as Degen paid Burgener. CHF9.3m is a SportsGlare calculation: 51.96% divided by 91.96%, multiplied by CHF16.4m.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Switzerland
Ursula Rey, Andreas Rey, Johannes Barth, Dani Büchi, Marco Gadola and Dan Holzmann
Stake sale
51.96%
Approximately CHF9.3m derived at the reported same price per Holding share
Majority, completed 13 August 2021; later reporting places HOBRA at 90%
Reported economics
The club announcement reported HOBRA's acquisition of a majority of the SAD on 13 August 2021. Lusa/RTP later reported HOBRA at 90%; the exact entry percentage and consideration were not published.
Reporting described €7.5m of equity, €20m of King Street and Fortress debt assumed, and a further approximately €5m Club Scapulaire contribution. These elements should not be collapsed into a single clean purchase price.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
France
Gérard Lopez
Majority acquisition
N/P
Reported €7.5m equity plus €20m King Street/Fortress debt assumed; further approximately €5m Club Scapulaire contribution
US investor group held more than 50% of ordinary shares; Forza FC Den Bosch held over 40%; golden share remained with the supporters foundation
Reported economics
Voetbal International reported that PMG and four named co-investors entered FC Den Bosch in July 2021 alongside the Forza FC Den Bosch local investor group. The parties held all ordinary shares, with the supporters foundation retaining the golden share. No price was published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Netherlands
Pacific Media Group, Partners Path Capital, Randy Frankel, Chien Lee and Krishen Sud, with Forza FC Den Bosch
David Degen said that he used CHF16.4m of his own money for the purchase of Bernhard Burgener's 91.96% block. This is a reported interview statement, not a club filing.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Switzerland
David Degen
Majority acquisition
91.96%
Reported CHF16.4m purchase price for Burgener's 91.96% block
Kerakoll's official communication confirmed the transfer of its total shareholding in Modena to Rivetex, owned by the Rivetti family. No price was published.
Prince Abdullah confirmed that United World was buying Châteauroux. Arab News reported that French media estimated approximately €2.8m, while the buyer said the actual amount was higher and did not disclose it.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
France
United World / Prince Abdullah bin Mosaad
Majority acquisition
N/P
About €2.8m reported by French media; buyer said the actual amount was higher
37% cumulative minority stake after additional investment, completed
Reported economics
The official release confirmed that 49ers Enterprises increased its cumulative stake to 37%. Goal reported a £50m investment figure attributed to The Times, but the scope of that amount was not published.
NV Grensverleggend placed fully in the hands of the three West Flemish shareholders; exact individual percentages not published
Reported economics
The January 2021 report describes a fresh-capital restructuring of NV Grensverleggend, the club's holding vehicle, with Beeuwsaert, Detaellenaere and Tijtgat as shareholders. No amount or seller price was published.
Evidence
Useful local or industry reporting that is incomplete or uncorroborated
Belgium
Tony Beeuwsaert, Philippe Detaellenaere and Franck Tijtgat
15% of the combined Portland Timbers and Portland Thorns business, completed
Reported economics
Arctos and unidentified co-investors acquired 15% at a $600m reported enterprise value. Approximately $90m is a SportsGlare calculation from that percentage, not a published cash consideration.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
United States
Arctos Sports Partners and unidentified co-investors
FC Midtjylland confirmed a DKK125m investment for 25% after a capital increase. The money was earmarked for facilities and was new capital rather than a purchase of Matthew Benham's shares.
The Guardian reported that ALK Capital paid £170m for an 84% stake in Burnley in December 2020. The source does not provide a reliable debt and funding bridge.
Club sale completed on 31 December 2020; exact capital percentage not published
Reported economics
beIN SPORTS reported the official sale to a Chinese-American group on 31 December 2020. French reporting put the price at just under €13m to €14m, but no exact amount was disclosed. A separate proposed City Football Group bid was not completed.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
France
Chien Lee, Paul Conway and Partners Path Capital / NewCity Capital-linked consortium
Majority acquisition
N/P
Just under €13m to €14m reported estimate; exact price not disclosed
65%, completed after purchase of 431,000 shares; city retained 26%
Reported economics
Jawny Lublin reported that Jakubas bought 431,000 shares for PLN4.3m in October 2020, becoming the majority shareholder with 65%; the city held 26%. The same report identifies a separate PLN0.5m loan and later support, which should not be folded into the purchase price.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Poland
Zbigniew Jakubas
Majority acquisition
65%
PLN4.3m for shares plus a PLN0.5m loan later intended for conversion into shares
Approximately PLN6.6m on the reported 65% share purchase, excluding the separate loan
Tipsbladet reported a DKK40m package covering the football department and part of a stadium-build project. The reporting does not establish a clean price for club equity alone.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Denmark
Robert Platek
Full acquisition
100%
Reported DKK40m for football department and stadium-build portion
100%, completed; announcement was subject to DNCG approval
Reported economics
SM Caen confirmed the 100% acquisition without disclosing a clean price. Contemporary reporting placed the overall Oaktree and Capton investment near €20m.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
France
Oaktree Capital Management and Pierre-Antoine Capton
Full acquisition
100%
Reported around €20m total investment for Oaktree/Capton transaction
Fortimo Business AG reported with 15.38% after the capital increase
Reported economics
The 2020 capital increase raised approximately CHF3.69m. Reporting identified Fortimo Business AG with 15.38% after the issue, while other shareholders also increased their holdings.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Switzerland
Fortimo Business AG and existing shareholder group
Reporting distinguished a €5m price for the club from a €10m budget injection, making €15m the reported total operation rather than the equity consideration alone.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Belgium
Gérard Lopez
Majority acquisition
N/P
Reported €5m purchase price plus €10m budget injection (€15m total operation)
Control of the professional operation acquired; exact percentage not stated
Reported economics
Retrospective reporting says Paulo Lopo took control in 2020 for €72,000. Estrela had been rebuilt after insolvency and later merged with Sintra before returning to the professional leagues. The reported amount and exact share mechanics should be checked against the SAD/company registry before being upgraded.
Evidence
Useful local or industry reporting that is incomplete or uncorroborated
Additional 16.7 percentage points, completed in two tranches; total Tennor holding 66.6%
Reported economics
Hertha confirmed that Tennor invested a further €150m as equity in two tranches and increased its KGaA holding by 16.7 percentage points to 66.6%. The e.V. retained control of the general partner and therefore the management of the KGaA under the club's 50+1 structure.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Germany
Tennor Holding B.V. / Lars Windhorst
Minority investment / capital increase
66.6%
€150m additional equity investment, comprising €50m in July and €100m in October 2020
Approximately €898m on a simple €150m / 16.7% incremental basis; not a confirmed whole-club valuation
78% after debt conversion and capital increase; later holdings increased
Reported economics
La Voz reports that Abanca converted €35m of Deportivo debt into shares through two capital increases, taking 78% of the capital in July 2020. The BOE notice documents the €4,999,959.40 and €30,000,056.90 debt-compensation issues. This is a debt-to-equity recapitalisation, not a cash purchase price.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Spain
Abanca Corporación Bancaria
Control acquisition / debt-to-equity recapitalisation
78%
€35m capital increase/debt conversion; not a seller price
Elche announced that Tenama/Score Club 2019, led by Bragarnik, had closed the purchase of the majority share package. Local reporting put the transaction at around €20m, but neither the exact percentage nor allocation between shares and liabilities was published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Spain
Christian Bragarnik via Tenama Inversiones / Score Club 2019
EXOR subscribed its 63.8% pro-rata portion; capital increase completed
Reported economics
Juventus approved up to 322,485,328 new shares at €0.93, a total of €299,911,355.04. EXOR committed its 63.8% pro-rata subscription, approximately €191.2m. This is an equity recapitalisation, not a purchase of a new control block.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Italy
EXOR N.V. / existing shareholders
Strategic capital investment / recapitalisation
63.8%
€300m total issue; EXOR committed approximately €191.2m
Business AM reported that the remaining 6.1% held by the supporters' vzw was repurchased and cancelled in late 2019 for less than €1.3m. This is a secondary share buyback, not a fresh control acquisition.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
5% issued initially; contractual cap reported at 25%; balance of package was a subordinated loan
Reported economics
The package was reported at CHF3m, comprising CHF0.5m paid for 5% equity and CHF2.5m made available as a subordinated loan over ten years. PMG could reportedly rise to 25%, but the initial issued stake was 5%.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Switzerland
Pacific Media Group
Minority investment / subordinated financing
5%
CHF3m total package: CHF0.5m for 5% equity plus CHF2.5m subordinated loan
CHF10m for 100% based only on the CHF0.5m/5% equity component; not a reported enterprise valuation
Control completed through an administration sale; exact share and asset perimeter not published
Reported economics
Administrators completed the sale of Bolton Wanderers to Football Ventures after the club's financial crisis. The reporting confirms the completed rescue acquisition but does not disclose a reliable price, creditor recovery or debt assumption.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Estoril confirmed completion by an MSP-led North American group. Before closing, UOL reported €6.5m for 74.5%, implying an approximately €8.7m equity value. The official completion release did not publish price.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Portugal
MSP Sports Capital-led North American group, including David Blitzer (reported)
Control completed; Best Navy S.L. became majority shareholder following approval by Spain’s Consejo Superior de Deportes
Reported economics
Europa Press confirmed the completed control transfer. SportsPro reported a value of up to €14m; the reporting does not establish whether this denotes purchase consideration, future funding or an enterprise/transaction value, so no implied valuation is calculated.
The parties announced an initial €125m equity investment for a 37.5% minority stake in Hertha's KGaA, with an option to increase the stake to 49.9% at a higher valuation. The money went into the club's capital structure rather than to an exiting shareholder.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Germany
Tennor Holding B.V. / Lars Windhorst
Minority investment / capital increase
37.5%
€125m initial equity investment
Approximately €333m on a simple €125m / 37.5% basis; not a confirmed whole-club valuation
Bloom increased capital and effectively took control; exact percentage not published
Reported economics
The report dated 29 April 2019 says Bloom increased Union's capital by €3m and thereby effectively took control. It does not state a seller payment or exact resulting percentage.
Evidence
Credible reporting with incomplete or partly uncorroborated economics
Remaining 50% acquired under the contractual and court process; full control completed
Reported economics
The court process required the remaining 50% stake to be sold for £5m. The transaction also involved Sheffield United's property assets, reported at approximately £40m, so £5m is not a complete enterprise-value or asset-inclusive price.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
England
Prince Abdullah bin Mosaad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud via UTB
Majority acquisition / court-enforced transfer
100%
£5m for Kevin McCabe's remaining 50% block, with separate property-asset obligations
S&P Capital IQ records a €70m agreement on 24 September 2018 and completion on 6 November 2018 for €100m. The difference may reflect debt, financing or transaction adjustments; sources do not provide a reconciled equity price.
Evidence
Credible reporting with incomplete or partly uncorroborated economics
France
General American Capital Partners (GACP) / Fortress financing
Full acquisition
100%
€70m agreed sale price; €100m reported completed transaction value, with debt/financing treatment unclear
Calcio e Finanza, citing sale documents, reported that Fininvest paid €2.9m for Nicola Colombo's 100% holding, split into approximately €2.5018m at signing and €406,200 due by March 2020 subject to adjustments.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
40% acquired from Angelo Renzetti; price not published
Reported economics
CdT's chronology records Novoselskiy acquiring 40% of Lugano in September 2018. No price was published. The 2021 Mansueto majority investment is a later event already present in the ledger.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
100% of newly founded SSC Bari, completed after predecessor bankruptcy
Reported economics
The municipality awarded the new Bari entity to De Laurentiis after the predecessor failed. Reporting described a minimum €3m first-year investment and an approximately €150,000 Serie D restart fee. Neither is a seller price.
Evidence
Useful local or industry reporting that is incomplete or uncorroborated
Italy
Aurelio De Laurentiis via Filmauro
Control acquisition / re-founded club
100%
Reported minimum €3m first-year investment; restart fee about €150,000
Leeds officially announced the minority investment and said funds would remain in the club. A later 49ers release identified the 2018 stake as 15%; ESPN/PA reported approximately £10m.
100%, completed; buyers said the club was debt-free at completion
Reported economics
Sky Sports reported that Stewart Donald's consortium completed the £40m takeover of Sunderland and that the new owners said the club was debt-free. The published figure is the reported takeover amount; the allocation between equity, debt and committed working capital was not disclosed.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
17% acquired from Wanda; Quantum Pacific stake rose to 32%, completed subject to CSD approval
Reported economics
Quantum Pacific acquired Wanda's 17% in February 2018 and its stake rose to 32%. Reporting put the wider transaction near €50m and the club valuation around €333m, but no exact consideration for the 17% block was published. Do not calculate 17% times €333m as a confirmed price.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
The report says Somers and Penninckx became owners of 70% of KV Mechelen and each put €2m into the transaction. It valued the club at €5.6m, which is consistent with a €4m amount for 70%.
Evidence
Credible reporting with incomplete or partly uncorroborated economics
Belgium
Olivier Somers and Dieter Penninckx
Majority acquisition
70%
€4m total reportedly invested by Somers and Penninckx (€2m each)
€5.6m for 100% based on the reported 70% stake and €4m investment
No 2018 purchase price was published. A €3m capital increase was reported in 2019 and should not be presented as the consideration for the earlier control acquisition.
Evidence
Credible reporting with incomplete or partly uncorroborated economics
Control/investor entry completed during financial distress; exact percentage not published
Reported economics
O Mirante's retrospective account says Vicintin acquired a participation in the Alverca SAD for about €300,000 in 2018 when the club was near the Portugal Championship, later creating the current SAD after an earlier bankruptcy. The exact legal stake and price documents were not located.
Evidence
Useful local or industry reporting that is incomplete or uncorroborated
74%, agreed in December 2017; subsequent completion to be retained as separately verified in the existing chronology
Reported economics
The club confirmed the agreement but did not disclose economics. Belgian reporting subsequently put the 74% share purchase at €59.2m; some local reports placed broader transaction cost near €80m. The treatment of fees, legacy obligations and any debt is not sufficiently disclosed to treat €80m as an equity price.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Belgium
Marc Coucke
Majority acquisition
74%
Reported €59.2m for 74%; some local reporting placed total transaction cost near €80m
Approximately 5% combined additional subscriptions reported for Haro and López Catalán; exact allocations subject to club allotment
Reported economics
Betis's 2017 capital increase offered shares at €476.69. Reporting identified Haro and López Catalán as subscribing for further holdings; a separate local report described purchases of approximately 2% and 3% respectively. Individual cash totals were not disclosed.
Evidence
Credible reporting with incomplete or partly uncorroborated economics
Spain
Ángel Haro and José Miguel López Catalán / Betis shareholders
Minority investment / capital increase
5%
N/P for the two individuals; capital-increase shares were offered at €476.69 each
Cinco Días, citing EFE, reported that Quantum Pacific entered through a November 2017 capital increase, receiving 15% for €50m. The approximately €333m figure is a SportsGlare calculation from the reported stake and amount.
New SC Bastia operation launched after liquidation; exact share split not published
Reported economics
Le Parisien described the post-liquidation restart led by Ferrandi and Luiggi after the former club's €21m liabilities forced liquidation. No acquisition price for the new operation was published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
France
Claude Ferrandi and Pierre-Noël Luiggi-led local investor group
Reporting on the completed Tornante acquisition put the purchase price at £5.67m for 100% of Portsmouth and described a further £10m investment. The additional funding is not part of the seller-side purchase price.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
England
Tornante Company / Michael Eisner
Majority acquisition
100%
Reported £5.67m, plus a separate reported £10m additional investment commitment
100%, completed; contingent further €3m if promoted
Reported economics
Mediagol's summary of the deal says Cellino paid €6.5m to Marco Bonometti, with another €3m due if Brescia reached Serie A, while a €7m tax debt also had to be addressed. The contingent payment and debt are not interchangeable with the base share price.
Evidence
Credible reporting with incomplete or partly uncorroborated economics
Italy
Massimo Cellino
Majority acquisition
100%
€6.5m paid to outgoing owner; possible further €3m promotion payment; €7m tax debt to address
11.75%, completed after Bundesliga promotion; later diluted by subsequent capital transactions
Reported economics
VfB's approved structure provided for Daimler to receive 11.75% for €41.5m if the club returned to the Bundesliga, or 5% for €10.5m if it remained in the second tier. Promotion occurred, so the 11.75% scenario was triggered. The club also described a company value of more than €350m.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Germany
Daimler AG (now Mercedes-Benz Group AG)
Minority investment
11.75%
€41.5m
More than €350m, as stated in the VfB announcement
100%, completed; first 50% acquired in January 2017 and remaining 50% completed in May 2017
Reported economics
Reported consideration comprised £20m for the initial 50% stake and £25m for the remaining 50%. Eleonora Sport Limited accounts also referred to a further £8.75m payable by a third party over eight years, which is not assumed to be acquisition consideration.
Nottingham Forest confirmed a 100% takeover. Contemporary reporting placed the transaction at approximately £50m, although the final terms were not published.
75%, completed with EFL approval and enhanced financial monitoring
Reported economics
BDO reported that Renhe Sports Management, controlled by Dai Yongge and Dai Xiu Li, purchased 75% of Reading's shares. The Guardian later reported that Dai paid £24.5m for the Championship club in 2017. The source does not separate the price paid for the 75% share block from debt or other commitments.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
England
Renhe Sports Management / Dai Yongge and Dai Xiu Li
Majority acquisition
75%
Reported £24.5m; exact allocation to the 75% block not published
17%, completed after the April 2017 share agreement
Reported economics
HSV confirmed that Kühne agreed to acquire further shares under a 312,500-share capital increase, taking his holding to 17%. The club said approximately 20% of HSV Fußball AG had been placed through capital increases since the 2014 carve-out and had improved equity by about €60m, but did not allocate a price to Kühne's specific follow-on.
Fininvest and Rossoneri Sport Investment Lux completed the 99.93% transfer. Reporting put the total operation at €740m, including approximately €220m of debt and €90m reimbursed to Fininvest for funding since July 2016. The figure is enterprise-value-like and not a pure equity cheque.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Italy
Rossoneri Sport Investment Lux / Li Yonghong-led consortium
Majority acquisition
99.93%
€740m reported total transaction value, including approximately €220m debt and €90m reimbursement of prior funding
Gheysens controlled the club through Goala; exact club percentage not published
Reported economics
The March 2017 report said Gheysens secretly controlled FC Antwerp through Goala and had invested €11m–€15m. Later reporting quoted €16m and then €20m total, split between approximately €13m capital and €7m debt. These are cumulative club funding figures, not a clean seller price.
Evidence
Credible reporting with incomplete or partly uncorroborated economics
Belgium
Paul Gheysens via Goala
Control investment / recapitalisation
N/P
Reported €11m–€15m cumulative funding by March 2017; Gheysens later said €16m, and a January 2018 report said €20m total including debt
Sky Sports reported that Ray Trew agreed to sell his 100% stake to Alan Hardy. Sports Mole reported completion after Hardy paid an outstanding £1m loan owed to the Haydn Green estate. No source establishes that the £1m was the share purchase price.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
England
Alan Hardy
Control acquisition
100%
N/P; reported settlement of an outstanding £1m loan to the Haydn Green estate was separate from the share price
20%, completed 22 November 2016; CEFC reached 99.964%
Reported economics
Slavia's release states CEFC acquired the remaining 20% from Fly Sport Investments on 22 November 2016, taking its holding to 99.964%. The release also says Fly Sport loans were repaid and CEFC loans were to be capitalised; no share price was disclosed.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Czech Republic
CEFC China Energy Company Limited
Minority acquisition / control consolidation
20%
N/P; CEFC also repaid and capitalised shareholder loans
Majority shareholder in the new SASP after liquidation
Reported economics
After liquidation, the new Le Mans SASP named Gomez as majority shareholder with a promised €1m capital contribution. The contribution is funding for the restart, not a documented seller price.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Control completed after FCA and Premier League approval
Reported economics
West Brom confirmed completion of the Yunyi Guokai takeover and Guochuan Lai's ownership. IBTimes, citing Express & Star reporting, put the transaction at £175m. The club and buyer did not publish a price or a debt bridge.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
England
Yunyi Guokai Sports Development Limited / Guochuan Lai
Fortuna Sittard confirmed the rescue and 85% takeover. The amount was not officially disclosed; Limburg media reported an acquisition amount of approximately €870,000.
Evidence
Useful local or industry reporting that is incomplete or uncorroborated
68.55%, completed; Erick Thohir remained a minority shareholder
Reported economics
Il Giorno reported the official Suning acquisition of 68.55% of Inter for approximately €270m. The report says Moratti exited and Thohir remained a minority shareholder. Debt and other transaction adjustments were not published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Italy
Suning Commerce Group
Majority acquisition
68.55%
€270m reported
Approximately €394m for 100%, based on the reported €270m / 68.55% consideration; debt treatment not disclosed
100%, completed after the first payment; Gino Pozzo exits
Reported economics
Contemporary reports say Gino Pozzo agreed the sale of Granada to Chinese company Desport for a fixed €37m, with the first instalment due within 15 days. MBS acted as intermediary.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Spain
Desport / Wuhan Double (DDMC)
Majority acquisition
100%
€37m reported
Approximately €37m for 100%, based on the reported transaction value
Controlling interest, completed; exact percentage not published
Reported economics
Reuters reported that the club announced shares totalling just over €20m had been purchased by Liga ACQ Legacy Partners, formed by Sarver, Kohlberg, Nash and partners, and that the group acquired a controlling interest. The exact percentage and debt treatment were not published.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Spain
Liga ACQ Legacy Partners (Robert Sarver, Andy Kohlberg, Steve Nash and partners)
ČT/ČTK reported that Brabec bought Baník from Pavel Šafarčík after previously lending to the heavily indebted club. The terms were expressly not disclosed. The transaction belongs in the ledger as a completed control/rescue event despite the absent price.
Reporting on the court-approved Solferino transaction put the operation at about €6m, including financial-debt treatment and funding for the following season. The exact allocation between purchase price, debt and operating funding was not published.
Evidence
Useful local or industry reporting that is incomplete or uncorroborated
18% each, reported agreed; final Premier League approval was still required at the source date
Reported economics
Sky Sports reported a £100m agreement for a wider 70% group transaction, with a further £50m intended for investment. Harris and Blitzer were each reported to hold 18%; the source does not allocate the £100m between individual buyers or separate equity consideration from planned funding.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
England
Josh Harris and David Blitzer / Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment
100%, completed; Morris had previously acquired a 22% holding in May 2014
Reported economics
Derby County confirmed that Mel Morris completed the purchase from North American Derby Partners LP and became sole owner. The club disclosed no consideration. The statement records Morris's earlier 22% holding from May 2014, but no price for either stage.
59.97%, completed; Fly Sport Investments retained the balance
Reported economics
China Daily reported CEFC's majority 59.97% stake in Slavia Prague in September 2015, with Fly Sport Investments retaining the remainder. The purchase sum was undisclosed.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Voting majority transferred to Hopp under the DFL's long-term-support exception; capital percentage and consideration unchanged or not published
Reported economics
After the DFL approved an exception based on Hopp's more than 20 years of substantial support, the members approved the transfer of voting majority from 1 July 2015. Contemporary reporting said Hopp had previously held 49% of the football operating company's capital. No purchase price was published because this was a control-rights arrangement, not a conventional sale.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
90%, completed subject to the statutory legal period
Reported economics
Shareholders approved Volpe's takeover. The club said he would invest €3.5m in capital for 90%, while a separate €6.5m was mobilised for the stadium/project. The latter is not seller consideration.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
France
Vincent Volpe
Majority acquisition / capital investment
90%
€3.5m capital investment; separate €6.5m project funding
Lusa/RTP reports that the Nigerian Tavistock Group holds 70% of Feirense SAD after a members' approval on 25 July 2015. No price or capital schedule is published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
MNG took majority shares; exact percentage was not published
Reported economics
SRF reported in July 2015 that MNG took a majority shareholding. When MNG exited in February 2017, Swissinfo reported that it had invested approximately CHF25m–CHF30m. That later figure is cumulative funding, not a disclosed entry price.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Switzerland
MNG Group / Mehmet Nazif Günal
Majority acquisition
N/P
N/P; later reporting said MNG invested approximately CHF25m–CHF30m during its ownership
Fondation 1890 became the new owner; Hugh Quennec transferred shares for a symbolic CHF1
Reported economics
Swissinfo reported that Fondation 1890 became Servette's new owner after Quennec transferred the shares for CHF1. The foundation committed CHF9m, split between approximately CHF5m to settle debts and CHF4m for rebuilding the club.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Switzerland
Fondation 1890
Rescue acquisition / foundation control
100%
CHF1 symbolic share transfer plus CHF9m rescue funding (CHF5m debt settlement and CHF4m rebuilding)
AFP reported an agreement for the 100% sale of Sochaux to Ledus; the consideration was reported as potentially €7m based on Tech Pro figures. The exact closing price was not confirmed by the club.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
France
Ledus / Tech Pro Technology Development
Majority acquisition
100%
Approximately €7m reported; exact closing consideration not confirmed
Approximately €7m for 100%, based on the reported amount
15.66%, completed; shares transferred by Hannover 96 e.V. to the investor group
Reported economics
Hannover 96 announced the sale of the e.V.'s remaining 15.66% interest in the professional company to the investor group around Martin Kind for approximately €3.25m. The club said the proceeds would help fund a new youth-performance centre.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Germany
Hannover 96 Sales & Service GmbH & Co. KG / Martin Kind investor group
Minority investment / share transfer
15.66%
Approximately €3.25m
Approximately €20.8m on a simple pro-rata basis; not a full enterprise value
Cinco Días, citing EFE, reported that Wanda entered Atlético in January 2015 by buying 20% for €45m. The €225m figure is a SportsGlare calculation from the reported stake and price.
100%, completed subject to Football League ratification
Reported economics
Sky Sports reported that Chansiri's Thai consortium completed the takeover and that Chansiri acquired 100% of the shares. The report said the deal was believed to be around £30m; the club did not publish an exact price.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
The HSV announcement said Kühne invested €18.75m for 7.5% of HSV Fußball AG. The same agreement covered separate Volksparkstadion naming rights, which are not part of the equity price.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Germany
Klaus-Michael Kühne / Kühne Holding AG
Minority investment / capital increase
7.5%
€18.75m
Approximately €250m on the issue price; not an enterprise value
Reports describe a €7m payout to the prior owners and a separate €13m initial investment. These are kept separate because the €13m was working-capital/investment support, not necessarily seller consideration.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Italy
North American group led by Joey Saputo and Joe Tacopina
Majority acquisition / rescue
N/P
Reported €7m payout to previous owners plus €13m initial investment
Additional approximately 5.72 percentage points, completed; Evonik's post-issue holding approximately 14.78%
Reported economics
BVB disclosed that Evonik, which had acquired 6,120,011 shares in July, acquired a further 7,480,498 new shares in the September placement and reached approximately 14.78% of voting rights after the issue. The €34.859m figure is a transparent calculation from the disclosed share count and €4.66 subscription price.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Germany
Evonik Industries AG
Minority investment / capital increase
5.72%
Approximately €34.859m calculated from 7,480,498 new shares at the €4.66 subscription price
5%, completed through the September 2014 private placement
Reported economics
BVB's capital-increase disclosure identified PUMA as a strategic investor receiving 5.0% of voting rights after the September 2014 placement. The individual subscription amount was not published.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Germany
PUMA SE
Minority investment / capital increase
5%
N/P for PUMA's individual placement; BVB reported approximately €114m gross proceeds for the total 2014 capital increase
5.43%, completed through the September 2014 private placement
Reported economics
BVB's capital-increase disclosure identified Signal Iduna as a strategic investor receiving approximately 5.43% of voting rights after the September 2014 placement. The individual subscription amount was not published.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Germany
SIGNAL IDUNA Allgemeine Versicherung AG
Minority investment / capital increase
5.43%
N/P for Signal Iduna's individual placement; BVB reported approximately €114m gross proceeds for the total 2014 capital increase
9.06%, completed through the July 2014 capital increase
Reported economics
The joint release said Evonik would acquire 9.06% of Borussia Dortmund KGaA through a capital increase, producing gross proceeds of €26,744,448.07 for BVB. The issue was linked to the extension of the sponsorship agreement but was a genuine equity investment.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Germany
Evonik Industries AG
Minority investment / capital increase
9.06%
€26.744448m
Approximately €295.4m at the issue price; not an enterprise value
Approximately 72%, completed; Agapito Iglesias exits
Reported economics
Heraldo reported that the Foundation became Real Zaragoza's new majority shareholder after the notarised transfer of Agapito Iglesias's share package. A separate Heraldo account identified approximately 72% of shares moving to the Foundation. No price was published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Spain
Fundación Zaragoza 2032 / investor group led by César Alierta
Control approved after the club's administration period; exact percentage and price disputed
Reported economics
Contemporary reports describe the CSD approval allowing Locos por el Balón, the company associated with Quique Pina and Manuel Vizcaíno, to take control of Cádiz after its administration period. The later percentage and ownership split became the subject of litigation; no reliable price was found.
Evidence
Credible reporting with incomplete or partly uncorroborated economics
Hertha's announcement confirmed a €61.2m long-term KKR investment, including the acquisition of a 9.7% minority interest. The package also supported debt reduction and the repurchase of rights, so the headline amount was not a pure share purchase price.
Evidence
Primary or confirmed evidence
Germany
KKR Asset Management / Kohlberg Kravis Roberts
Minority investment / recapitalisation
9.7%
€61.2m strategic investment, comprising several components
70%, completed; Massimo Moratti retained a minority interest
Reported economics
Inter's announcement and contemporary reporting confirm Thohir's group taking 70%. Forbes reported a $480m valuation, but the sources do not separate cash consideration, debt or shareholder loans. No defensible implied value is calculated.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Italy
Erick Thohir-led International Sports Capital
Majority acquisition
70%
Reported $480m valuation for the 70% transaction; cash consideration and debt allocation not separately published
50%, completed; associated commitment to invest £10m over two years
Reported economics
The legal analysis says the 2013 agreement gave Prince Abdullah 50% for a nominal £1, on the basis that a further £10m would be invested over two years. The nominal share price is not an all-in club valuation.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
England
Prince Abdullah bin Mosaad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud via UTB LLC
Minority investment
50%
Nominal £1 plus committed £10m investment over two years
Fulham confirmed the change of ownership from Mohamed Al Fayed to Shahid Khan. Contemporary reporting placed the price at approximately £150m for 100% control; the club did not publish a detailed consideration or debt bridge.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
England
Shahid Khan via Big Cat Holdings
Majority acquisition
100%
Reported about £150m
Approximately £150m for 100%, based on reported consideration
70% at SAD formation, with the club reserving 30%; Lusa/RTP later reported For Gool at 85.88%
Reported economics
Lusa/RTP reports that members approved a SAD on 30 May 2013 with the club reserving 30% and the UK-based For Gool Company, led by Theodoro Fonseca, taking the balance. Later ownership is reported at 85.88%; no price is published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Reporting says Audi's quattro subsidiary acquired 19.94% in 2013 when founder Peter Jackwerth sold club shares. Later company-register summaries continue to show Audi Sport GmbH at approximately 19.9%. No price was published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Local investor group rescued and assumed the club; exact equity percentage not published
Reported economics
The Guardian's retrospective account says 14 local investors each put up €75,000 in equity, guaranteed another €75,000 and raised €50,000 in sponsorship, allowing LASK to survive. These commitments total up to €2.8m per category across the group but were not a single club purchase price.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Austria
Freunde des LASK local investor group
Rescue acquisition / investor group
N/P
14 investors committed €75,000 each, guaranteed another €75,000 each and raised €50,000 sponsorship each; no single purchase price
85.1% controlled after the December 2012 capital increase; the supporters' vzw retained 6.1%
Reported economics
Contemporary reporting describes a €15m capital injection and a structure in which the vzw provided a €14.4m vendor loan, leaving an approximately €0.6m net economic outlay in the account reconstructed by Business AM. Verhaeghe and Boone's group controlled 85.1%, friendly entrepreneurs 8.8% and the vzw 6.1%.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Belgium
Bart Verhaeghe and Jan Boone-led investor group
Majority acquisition / capitalisation
85.1%
Reported €15m capital injection; Business AM reports net economic cost of approximately €0.6m after a €14.4m vendor loan
30%, completed; QSI consolidated 100% after the 2011 70% acquisition
Reported economics
SportsPro reported that QSI completed its buyout of the remaining 30% of PSG for €30m in March 2012, following the €70m 70% acquisition in 2011. The 2012 consideration is reported rather than disclosed in a PSG filing.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Reuters reported that Rybolovlev acquired 66.67% and committed at least €100m over four years. The €1 nominal-price account has not been confirmed in the reviewed public materials.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
France
Dmitry Rybolovlev
Majority acquisition
66.67%
Reported €1 nominal share price; at least €100m funding commitment over four years
RTVE reports that Presa formalised ownership of 98.6% of Rayo. A later Fútbol Finanzas account says the shares were acquired for €961 at €0.01 per share and that substantial contingent liabilities were inherited. The liability figure is not consideration.
Evidence
Credible reporting with incomplete or partly uncorroborated economics
Spain
Raúl Martín Presa
Majority acquisition / rescue
98.6%
Reported €961 in a later account; not confirmed in the 2011 announcement
Chagaev agreed to buy the club from Sylvio Bernasconi; shareholder approval was required and the exact percentage was not published
Reported economics
Swissinfo reported in May 2011 that Chagaev had bought the top-division club from Bernasconi, with the takeover to be confirmed at a general meeting. The value was confidential. Chagaev's subsequent collapse and criminal proceedings do not change the fact that the reported control transfer belongs in the historical ledger.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
67.1% of AS Roma, completed subject to stated closing conditions; mandatory offer followed
Reported economics
The transaction announcement priced 88,918,686 AS Roma shares, representing 67.097%, at €60.3m. The same contract priced ASR Real Estate (Trigoria) at €6m and Brand Management at €4m, for €70.3m total. A €40m financing package and later mandatory offer were separate conditions.
Evidence
Primary evidence supported by strong reporting
Italy
DiBenedetto AS Roma LLC / Thomas DiBenedetto and UniCredit
Majority acquisition
67.1%
€60.3m for the 67.1% share block; €70.3m total including Trigoria real-estate and brand companies
99%, completed; subsequent insolvency and legal disputes
Reported economics
La Vanguardia reported a €30m purchase and a further €50m investment commitment. The Guardian later said approximately €3.5m was actually spent and that the €50m commitment was not delivered. These figures conflict and no single clean price can be selected.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Spain
Ahsan Ali Syed / Western Gulf Advisory
Control acquisition / rescue
99%
€30m reported at the time; later reporting estimated about €3.5m actually spent; conflicting
Approximately 83%, completed through a capital increase and rescue agreements
Reported economics
Palco23 reports that Baskonia led the 2011 rescue, allied with local entrepreneurs and acquired approximately 83% through a capital increase via Avtibask. No price was published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Spain
Saski Baskonia / Avtibask-led local investor group
99.9%, completed; mandatory offer for the remaining 0.1%
Reported economics
The Jack Walker Settlement trustees sold 99.9% of Blackburn Rovers Football and Athletic plc to Venky's London Limited for £23m including contingent consideration. A mandatory offer was to be made for the remaining 0.1%.
Private investors rescued the club; Dölf Früh became chairman and leading figure; exact equity percentages not published
Reported economics
The November 2010 rescue involved CHF14.68m in total support. Private investors contributed CHF10m, while banks waived or restructured CHF4.68m. The reports identify Früh as the new leading figure but do not give an equity price.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Switzerland
Dölf Früh and private investor group
Rescue recapitalisation / control restructuring
N/P
CHF14.68m rescue package: CHF10m private-investor contributions plus CHF4.68m bank waivers
Sky Sports reported that Ray Trew bought Notts County in 2010 for £1, rescuing the club from the brink of administration. The nominal consideration was accompanied by the assumption and resolution of the club's financial problems, but those liabilities are not quantified here.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Investor group acquired the shares of Viktoria Plzeň 1911; exact percentage undisclosed
Reported economics
The report identifies a Paclík-led investor group as the new owner and says it acquired the shares from the Dratanore group. No purchase price or precise percentage was published. The club separately had CZK28m of transfer obligations to Sparta; that liability must not be treated as the acquisition price.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Majority interest, completed subject to Spanish sports-authority approval
Reported economics
The club's announcement, reported by Reuters, put the company price at around €36m and said the figure included club debt. The percentage of shares and the split between equity and liabilities were not given.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Control returned to Percassi on 4 June 2010; exact percentage not published
Reported economics
La Gazzetta reported the agreement returning Atalanta to Antonio Percassi after relegation to Serie B. No purchase price or exact percentage was published.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Shareholder-approved control and funding agreement; exact share split not published
Reported economics
Cardiff shareholders approved the Malaysian consortium's investment, new funding and restructuring of existing debt. Dato Chan Tien Ghee became chairman. The report did not disclose a purchase price or precise share percentages.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
England
Malaysian consortium led by Vincent Tan and Dato Chan Tien Ghee
Contemporaneous reporting described the 50% takeover as a £105m deal or valuation. The reviewed public sources do not establish how much was pure share consideration, debt-related support or other funding, so no implied equity value is calculated.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Control established through the transfer of SSV Markranstädt’s Oberliga playing rights to a newly formed club, completed
Reported economics
Reported approximately €0.4m for the transfer of playing rights. Retrospective figures vary between €350k and €400k; the exact structure and recipient are not established. Do not calculate an implied equity value.
Evidence
Useful local or industry reporting that is incomplete or uncorroborated
Germany
Red Bull GmbH / RasenBallsport Leipzig e.V.
Other
N/P
Approximately €0.4m reported fee for playing rights
Approximately £200m was reported. The published material does not clearly separate equity consideration, shareholder loans and debt assumptions, so no implied equity value is calculated.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
51%, completed; later reports say 50.1% remains after a subsequent sale of 48.9%
Reported economics
Contemporary reporting says Van Seumeren bought FC Utrecht for €16m. Later Dutch reporting specifies that the initial purchase was 51% of the shares. The owner subsequently invested materially more, so the €16m should not be grossed up to a clean 100% valuation.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
100%, completed through public offer and subsequent acquisition of remaining shares
Reported economics
Reported £134m acquisition consideration and £134m implied equity value. The reported repayment of approximately £94m of pre-existing club debt is separate owner funding and is not included in consideration.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
J&T Credit Investments signed the purchase of approximately 99.6% of Sparta. Contemporary reporting gave conflicting estimates: roughly CZK750m for the club plus a CZK230m Strahov training-centre loan, or about CZK540m plus assumption of a CZK130m loan.
Evidence
Credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics
Czech Republic
J&T Credit Investments (J&T Group)
Majority acquisition
99.6%
Reported estimates CZK540m–CZK900m; official price not published
Reported consideration is the publicly stated or credibly reported amount attached to the transaction. Implied valuation is shown only where the disclosed stake and price support a defensible calculation.
Value / revenue is a headline value divided by the stated revenue denominator. It is a comparison shorthand, not necessarily enterprise value divided by revenue. Debt, retained stakes, recapitalisation commitments and different accounting periods can make apparently similar transactions materially different.
Evidence grades: A indicates primary or confirmed evidence; B indicates credible reporting where the parties did not confirm all economics; C indicates useful local or industry reporting that remains incomplete or uncorroborated. Combined grades reflect mixed evidence.
N/P means no price was published. N/M means no defensible multiple could be calculated. Pending transactions remain labelled as pending.
The ledger is a broad record of identified transactions, not a complete census or an investment ranking. It should be read with the underlying source and the specific transaction structure.
SportsGlare Association (2026). Football Club Ownership Transaction Ledger. SportsGlare Data. https://sportsglare.com/data/football-club-ownership-transactions/
Link to the live ledger when citing reported club investments, acquisitions and ownership changes. Individual entries can change as public evidence is added or corrected. See the data licence and corrections policy.